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The correct answer to the statement "It can be increased or decreased at the discretion of the decision maker" is:

d. Discretionary

This term refers to something that can be adjusted or modified based on the judgment or choice of an individual or authority.

The correct answer is:

c. By allocating costs based on activities and cost drivers

Activity-based costing (ABC) improves cost allocation accuracy by identifying the specific activities that contribute to overhead costs and assigning those costs to products based on their actual consumption of those activities. This method provides a more precise understanding of the costs associated with producing a product or service.

Bien sûr ! Le Liban est un pays riche en histoire, en culture et en paysages magnifiques. Voici quelques-uns des endroits les plus merveilleux et fantastiques à visiter :

1. Beyrouth : La capitale du Liban est un mélange vibrant de culture, d'histoire et de modernité. Ne manquez pas le quartier de Gemmayzeh, le musée national de Beyrouth et la corniche.

2. Byblos (Jbeil) : Une des plus anciennes villes du monde, Byblos est classée au patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO. Vous y trouverez des ruines antiques, un vieux port pittoresque et une belle promenade.

3. Baalbek : Connue pour ses impressionnants temples romains, Baalbek est un site archéologique majeur. Les temples de Jupiter et de Bacchus sont particulièrement remarquables.

4. Les Cèdres du Liban : Situés dans la vallée de la Bekaa, ces forêts de cèdres sont emblématiques du pays. Le parc national des Cèdres de Dieu est un endroit idéal pour la randonnée et l'exploration.

5. La vallée de Qadisha : Classée au patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO, cette vallée est connue pour ses paysages spectaculaires et ses monastères troglodytes. C'est un lieu de paix et de beauté naturelle.

6. Tripoli : Cette ville côtière est célèbre pour son architecture médiévale, ses souks animés et ses délicieuses pâtisseries. Le château de Saint-Gilles est un incontournable.

7. Tannourine : Connue pour ses paysages montagneux et ses cèdres, Tannourine est un excellent endroit pour la randonnée et l'exploration de la nature.

8. La grotte de Jeita : Cette merveille naturelle est une série

The primary function of costing and accounting systems is:

c. Recording and reporting financial transactions

While maximizing profits and minimizing costs are important objectives of these systems, their fundamental role is to accurately record and report financial information.

c. Assessing the profitability of different

The primary objective of costing and accounting systems is:

d. Recording and reporting financial transactions

While maximizing profits, minimizing costs, and controlling market competition are important aspects of business management, the fundamental role of costing and accounting systems is to accurately record and report financial transactions to provide relevant information for decision-making.

The correct answer is:

c. By minimizing production costs through timely inventory control

Just-in-time (JIT) inventory management aims to reduce waste and improve efficiency by receiving goods only as they are needed in the production process, which helps minimize inventory costs and enhances overall operational efficiency.

The correct answer is:

b. Activity-based costing allocates indirect costs based on activities and cost drivers.

Activity-based costing (ABC) differs from traditional costing methods primarily in how it allocates indirect costs. ABC assigns costs to products based on the activities required to produce them and the resources consumed by those activities, using cost drivers to determine the allocation. In contrast, traditional costing often allocates indirect costs based on a single volume measure, such as direct labor hours or machine hours, which may not accurately reflect the actual consumption of resources.

Bien sûr ! Voici un rap que tu peux dédier à ta mère :

Couplet 1 :
Yo, maman, t’es ma reine, ma lumière,
Dans ce monde fou, t’es ma seule prière.
Chaque jour, tu te bats, tu donnes tout,
Pour moi, pour nous, t’es toujours là, c’est fou.

Les sacrifices, tu les fais sans compter,
Avec ton amour, tu sais me guider.
Dans les tempêtes, tu es mon abri,
Ton sourire, c’est mon plus beau répit.

Refrain :
Maman, je t’aime, tu es ma force,
Dans ce rap, je te rends hommage, sans écorce.
Pour toutes les nuits blanches, pour chaque larme,
Tu es mon étoile, ma douce arme.

Couplet 2 :
Les souvenirs défilent, les rires, les pleurs,
À tes côtés, j’ai appris la valeur.
Tu m’as appris à rêver, à ne jamais reculer,
Avec toi, je sais que je peux tout surmonter.

Chaque conseil, chaque mot, c’est un trésor,
Dans mon cœur, tu es gravée, encore et encore.
Maman, tu es ma muse, ma source d’inspiration,
Pour toi, je ferai toujours ma dévotion.

Refrain :
Maman, je t’aime, tu es ma force,
Dans ce rap, je te rends hommage, sans écorce.
Pour toutes les nuits blanches, pour chaque larme,
Tu es mon étoile, ma douce arme.

Outro :
Alors lève les mains, pour toutes les mamans,
Célébrons l’amour, c’est ça qui nous rend grands.
Maman, je te dédie ces mots, ce flow,
Pour toi, je ferai toujours le plus beau des shows.

J'espère que ça te plaît et que ça touchera le cœur de ta mère !

Oui, des héros comme Anakin Skywalker dans "Star Wars" ont perdu leur identité en devenant Dark Vador, gagnant en puissance mais payant le prix de leur humanité et de leurs relations.

Clark Kent, l'alter ego de Superman, porte des lunettes pour dissimuler son identité de super-héros.

Le mot "personne" en tant que nom commun désigne un individu ou un être humain, tandis qu'en tant que pronom, il peut exprimer une absence ou une négation, comme dans l'expression "Il n'y a personne".

On dit "person" en anglais.

On ne sait où il est allé.

Bien sûr ! Voici un exemple de phrase utilisant "personne" comme pronom :

"Personne ne sait où il est allé."

On distingue les différents emplois du mot "personne" en fonction de son rôle dans la phrase, où il peut être un nom désignant un individu ou un pronom indéfini signifiant "aucune personne", et dans ce dernier cas, on utilise "personne" sans article.

Le mot "personne" peut être un nom commun, désignant un individu ou un être humain. Par exemple : "Il n'y a personne dans la salle."

To calculate the expected return of the portfolio made up of 60% in Company K and 40% in Company L, we first need to calculate the expected return for each company based on the given probabilities and returns.

Step 1: Calculate the expected return for Company K

[ E(R_K) = (0.3 \times 20%) + (0.5 \times 15%) + (0.2 \times 5%) ]

Calculating each term:

• (0.3 \times 20% = 0.3 \times 0.20 = 0.06)
• (0.5 \times 15% = 0.5 \times 0.15 = 0.075)
• (0.2 \times 5% = 0.2 \times 0.05 = 0.01)

Now, summing these values:

[ E(R_K) = 0.06 + 0.075 + 0.01 = 0.145 \text{ or } 14.5% ]

Step 2: Calculate the expected return for Company L

[ E(R_L) = (0.3 \times 6%) + (0.5 \times 10%) + (0.2 \times 12%) ]

Calculating each term:

• (0.3 \times 6% = 0.3 \times 0.06 = 0.018)
• (0.5 \times 10% = 0.5 \times 0.10 = 0.05)
• (0.2 \times 12% = 0.2 \times 0.12 = 0.024)

Now, summing these values:

[ E(R_L) = 0.018 + 0.05 + 0.024 = 0.092 \text{ or } 9.2% ]

Step 3: Calculate the expected return of the portfolio

The expected return of the portfolio (E(R_P)) is calculated as follows:

[ E(R_P) = (w_K \times E(R_K)) + (w_L \times E(R_L)) ]

Where:

• (w_K = 0.6) (weight of Company K)
• (w_L = 0.4) (weight of Company L)

Substituting the values:

[ E(R_P) = (0.6 \times 0.145) + (0.4 \times 0.092) ]

Calculating each term:

• (0.6 \times 0.145 = 0.087)
• (0.4 \times 0.092 = 0.0368)

Now, summing these values:

[ E(R_P) = 0.087 + 0.0368 = 0.1238 \text{ or } 12.38% ]

Conclusion

The expected return of the portfolio is 0.1238 or 12.38%.

Thus, the correct answer is:

b. 0.1238

To calculate the covariance of the returns of companies K and L, we can use the following formula:

[ \text{Cov}(X, Y) = E[XY] - E[X]E[Y] ]

Where:

• (E[XY]) is the expected value of the product of the returns of K and L.
• (E[X]) is the expected return of K.
• (E[Y]) is the expected return of L.

Step 1: Calculate the expected returns for K and L

Expected Return for K (E[X]): [ E[X] = (0.3 \times 20%) + (0.5 \times 15%) + (0.2 \times 5%) ] [ E[X] = (0.3 \times 0.20) + (0.5 \times 0.15) + (0.2 \times 0.05) ] [ E[X] = 0.06 + 0.075 + 0.01 = 0.145 \text{ or } 14.5% ]

Expected Return for L (E[Y]): [ E[Y] = (0.3 \times 6%) + (0.5 \times 10%) + (0.2 \times 12%) ] [ E[Y] = (0.3 \times 0.06) + (0.5 \times 0.10) + (0.2 \times 0.12) ] [ E[Y] = 0.018 + 0.05 + 0.024 = 0.092 \text{ or } 9.2% ]

Step 2: Calculate E[XY]

Now we calculate (E[XY]): [ E[XY] = (0.3 \times 20% \times 6%) + (0.5 \times 15% \times 10%) + (0.2 \times 5% \times 12%) ] [ E[XY] = (0.3 \times 0.20 \times 0.06) + (0.5 \times 0.15 \times 0.10) + (0.2 \times 0.05 \times 0.12) ] [ E[XY] = (0.3 \times 0.012) + (0.5 \times 0.015) + (0.2 \times 0.006) ] [ E[XY] = 0.0036 + 0.0075 + 0.0012 = 0.0123 ]

Step 3: Calculate Covariance

Now we can calculate the covariance: [ \text{Cov}(K, L) = E[XY] - E[X]E[Y] ] [ \text{Cov}(K, L) = 0.0123 - (0.145 \times 0.092) ] [ \text{Cov}(K, L) = 0.0123 - 0.01334 = -0.00104 ]

Conclusion

The covariance of the returns of K and L is approximately -0.00104, which does not match any of the provided options. However, if we consider the values given in the options, it seems there might be a misunderstanding or miscalculation in the options provided.

If we round the covariance to two decimal places, it would be close to zero, but since the options provided are specific values, we can conclude that the closest answer is:

b. 0

This indicates that the covariance is very close to zero, suggesting that the returns of K and L are not significantly correlated.

To calculate the covariance of the returns of companies K and L, we can use the following formula:

[ \text{Cov}(X, Y) = E[XY] - E[X]E[Y] ]

Where:

• (E[XY]) is the expected value of the product of the returns of K and L.
• (E[X]) is the expected return of K.
• (E[Y]) is the expected return of L.

Step 1: Calculate the expected returns (E[X]) and (E[Y])

Expected Return of K ((E[X])): [ E[X] = (0.3 \times 20%) + (0.5 \times 15%) + (0.2 \times 5%) ] [ E[X] = (0.3 \times 0.20) + (0.5 \times 0.15) + (0.2 \times 0.05) ] [ E[X] = 0.06 + 0.075 + 0.01 = 0.145 \text{ or } 14.5% ]

Expected Return of L ((E[Y])): [ E[Y] = (0.3 \times 6%) + (0.5 \times 10%) + (0.2 \times 12%) ] [ E[Y] = (0.3 \times 0.06) + (0.5 \times 0.10) + (0.2 \times 0.12) ] [ E[Y] = 0.018 + 0.05 + 0.024 = 0.092 \text{ or } 9.2% ]

Step 2: Calculate (E[XY])

Now we calculate (E[XY]): [ E[XY] = (0.3 \times 20% \times 6%) + (0.5 \times 15% \times 10%) + (0.2 \times 5% \times 12%) ] [ E[XY] = (0.3 \times 0.20 \times 0.06) + (0.5 \times 0.15 \times 0.10) + (0.2 \times 0.05 \times 0.12) ] [ E[XY] = (0.3 \times 0.012) + (0.5 \times 0.015) + (0.2 \times 0.006) ] [ E[XY] = 0.0036 + 0.0075 + 0.0012 = 0.0123 ]

Step 3: Calculate Covariance

Now we can calculate the covariance: [ \text{Cov}(K, L) = E[XY] - E[X]E[Y] ] [ \text{Cov}(K, L) = 0.0123 - (0.145 \times 0.092) ] [ \text{Cov}(K, L) = 0.0123 - 0.01334 = -0.00104 ]

Conclusion

The covariance of the returns of K and L is approximately -0.00104, which does not match any of the provided options. However, if we consider the values in percentage terms, we can multiply by 100 to express it in a more conventional format:

[ \text{Cov}(K, L) \approx -0.104 ]

Since none of the options match this result, it seems there may be an error in the options provided. However, based on the calculations, the covariance is negative, indicating that the returns of K and L tend to move in opposite directions.

If we were to round or adjust based on the options, the closest would be option a. -5.97, but it is not an exact match. Please verify the options or the calculations.

To calculate the standard deviation of the returns for companies K and L, we first need to find the expected return for each company, and then use that to calculate the variance and standard deviation.

Step 1: Calculate the Expected Returns

The expected return ( E(R) ) is calculated as follows:

[ E(R) = \sum (P_i \times R_i) ]

Where ( P_i ) is the probability and ( R_i ) is the return.

For Company K:

[ E(R_K) = (0.3 \times 20%) + (0.5 \times 15%) + (0.2 \times 5%) ] [ E(R_K) = (0.3 \times 0.20) + (0.5 \times 0.15) + (0.2 \times 0.05) ] [ E(R_K) = 0.06 + 0.075 + 0.01 = 0.145 \text{ or } 14.5% ]

For Company L:

[ E(R_L) = (0.3 \times 6%) + (0.5 \times 10%) + (0.2 \times 12%) ] [ E(R_L) = (0.3 \times 0.06) + (0.5 \times 0.10) + (0.2 \times 0.12) ] [ E(R_L) = 0.018 + 0.05 + 0.024 = 0.092 \text{ or } 9.2% ]

Step 2: Calculate the Variance

The variance ( \sigma^2 ) is calculated as follows:

[ \sigma^2 = \sum (P_i \times (R_i - E(R))^2) ]

For Company K:

[ \sigma^2_K = (0.3 \times (20% - 14.5%)^2) + (0.5 \times (15% - 14.5%)^2) + (0.2 \times (5% - 14.5%)^2) ] [ = (0.3 \times (0.055)^2) + (0.5 \times (0.005)^2) + (0.2 \times (-0.095)^2 ] [ = (0.3 \times 0.0003025) + (0.5 \times 0.000025) + (0.2 \times 0.009025) ] [ = 0.00009075 + 0.0000125 + 0.001805 = 0.00190825 ]

For Company L:

[ \sigma^2_L = (0.3 \times (6% - 9.2%)^2) + (0.5 \times (10% - 9.2%)^2) + (0.2 \times (12% - 9.2%)^2) ] [ = (0.3 \times (-0.032)^2) + (0.5 \times (0.008)^2) + (0.2 \times (0.028)^2) ] [ = (0.3 \times 0.001024) + (0.5 \times 0.000064) + (0.2 \times 0.000784) ] [ = 0.0003072 + 0.000032 + 0.0001568 = 0.000496 ]

Step 3: Calculate the Standard Deviation

The standard deviation ( \sigma ) is the square root of the variance:

[ \sigma_K = \sqrt{0.00190825} \approx 0.0437 \text{ or } 4.37% ] [ \sigma_L = \sqrt{0.000496} \approx 0.0223 \text{ or } 2.23% ]

Conclusion

The standard deviations are approximately:

• K: 4.37%
• L: 2.23%

Thus, the correct answer is:

d. K 5.22 L 2.23 (Note: The value for K seems to be slightly off; it should be around 4.37% based on the

To calculate the variance of the returns for companies K and L, we first need to find the expected return for each company and then use that to calculate the variance.

Step 1: Calculate the Expected Return

The expected return ( E(R) ) is calculated as follows:

[ E(R) = \sum (P \times R) ]

Where ( P ) is the probability and ( R ) is the return.

For Company K:

[ E(R_K) = (0.3 \times 20%) + (0.5 \times 15%) + (0.2 \times 5%) ] [ E(R_K) = (0.3 \times 0.20) + (0.5 \times 0.15) + (0.2 \times 0.05) ] [ E(R_K) = 0.06 + 0.075 + 0.01 = 0.145 \text{ or } 14.5% ]

For Company L:

[ E(R_L) = (0.3 \times 6%) + (0.5 \times 10%) + (0.2 \times 12%) ] [ E(R_L) = (0.3 \times 0.06) + (0.5 \times 0.10) + (0.2 \times 0.12) ] [ E(R_L) = 0.018 + 0.05 + 0.024 = 0.092 \text{ or } 9.2% ]

Step 2: Calculate the Variance

The variance ( \sigma^2 ) is calculated using the formula:

[ \sigma^2 = \sum P \times (R - E(R))^2 ]

For Company K:

[ \sigma^2_K = (0.3 \times (20% - 14.5%)^2) + (0.5 \times (15% - 14.5%)^2) + (0.2 \times (5% - 14.5%)^2) ] [ = (0.3 \times (0.055)^2) + (0.5 \times (0.005)^2) + (0.2 \times (-0.095)^2 ] [ = (0.3 \times 0.0003025) + (0.5 \times 0.000025) + (0.2 \times 0.009025) ] [ = 0.00009075 + 0.0000125 + 0.001805 = 0.00190825 \text{ or } 19.08% ]

For Company L:

[ \sigma^2_L = (0.3 \times (6% - 9.2%)^2) + (0.5 \times (10% - 9.2%)^2) + (0.2 \times (12% - 9.2%)^2) ] [ = (0.3 \times (-0.032)^2) + (0.5 \times (0.008)^2) + (0.2 \times (0.028)^2) ] [ = (0.3 \times 0.001024) + (0.5 \times 0.000064) + (0.2 \times 0.000784) ] [ = 0.0003072 + 0.000032 + 0.0001568 = 0.000496 \text{ or } 4.96% ]

Final Results

• Variance for Company K: ( 19.08% )
• Variance for Company L: ( 4.96% )

Conclusion

The correct answer is:

c. K 27.25 L 4.96

(Note: The variance for K seems to be miscalculated in the options provided. The calculated variance for K is 19.08%, which does not match any of the options. Please verify the options or the calculations.)

To calculate the expected returns for companies K and L, we can use the formula for expected return, which is the sum of the products of each possible return and its probability.

For Company K:

[ \text{Expected Return}_K = (0.3 \times 20%) + (0.5 \times 15%) + (0.2 \times 5%) ] [ = (0.3 \times 0.20) + (0.5 \times 0.15) + (0.2 \times 0.05) ] [ = 0.06 + 0.075 + 0.01 ] [ = 0.145 \text{ or } 14.5% ]

For Company L:

[ \text{Expected Return}_L = (0.3 \times 6%) + (0.5 \times 10%) + (0.2 \times 12%) ] [ = (0.3 \times 0.06) + (0.5 \times 0.10) + (0.2 \times 0.12) ] [ = 0.018 + 0.05 + 0.024 ] [ = 0.092 \text{ or } 9.2% ]

Conclusion:

The expected returns are:

• K: 14.5%
• L: 9.2%

Thus, the correct answer is: b. K 14.5% L 9.2%

The primary focus of engaging in uniform costing and participating in inter-firm comparison for effective cost management is:

c. By aligning cost structures with industry benchmarks.

This practice allows companies to compare their costs with those of similar firms, helping them identify areas for improvement and align their cost structures with industry standards.